尼古拉·莫纳亨,是该校的首席讲师
法律 at the 冰球突破官网 teaching Criminal 法律 而且 the 法律 of Evidence. 在这篇学术博客中,她带冰球突破官网了解了陪审团篡改的后果,以及它在刑事司法系统中的意义:
The right to trial by jury is a fundamental feature of our criminal justice system. 由12位同侪组成的陪审团所进行的审判被著名地描述为“显示自由存在的灯”(德夫林勋爵), 陪审团审判 (1956)). 陪审团是一个受人尊敬的机构,象征着民主参与刑事司法制度的执行,并保障审判过程的独立性和完整性.
然而, in 2002, 伦敦警察厅副局长说,篡改陪审团是一个“重大问题”,据媒体报道,仅伦敦警察厅就赔偿了4英镑.每年五百万用于保护陪审团. This was reported to be a problem for other police forces in the country too, 陪审团成员受到被告或被告的同伙的贿赂或压力而做出无罪判决(Goodchild, “篡改陪审团案件激增”, 《独立报》, 29th 2002年12月). 这就提出了几个问题,即刑事法庭如何处理陪审团篡改的指控,以及陪审团篡改审判本身的后果, 对陪审团施加影响的人, 对陪审员来说也是如此.
审判会发生什么?
《冰球突破》第44条允许在存在陪审团干预危险的情况下,在没有陪审团的情况下进行审判. The prosecution may make an application to the trial judge, 而且 if the judge is satisfied that the following two conditions are met, the judge must make an order that the trial is conducted without a jury. 第一个条件是,有证据表明存在篡改陪审团的现实危险. 第二个条件是,尽管采取了任何可能合理的措施来防止陪审团受到干扰(例如提供警察保护),, 陪审团被篡改的可能性非常大,为了维护司法公正,审判在没有陪审团的情况下进行.
This provision was famously used for the first time in the case of R vs Twomey和其他人 [2009] EWCA Crim 1035. 本案的被告被控犯有严重罪行,2004年,他们在希思罗机场的一个仓库实施了专业武装抢劫,在抢劫过程中,1英镑.7500万被盗. 这些指控包括严重罪行, such as possession of a firearm with intent to endanger life, possession of a firearm with intent to commit 抢劫, 抢劫, 阴谋抢劫. 在被指控篡改陪审团后,控方申请在没有陪审团的情况下审理此案. 最初的申请被拒绝, 但是在上诉时, 最高法院首席法官裁定,保护陪审团的必要措施是不合理的(这些措施估计约为600万英镑,涉及82名警察). In 2010, the trial was heard by a judge alone sitting initially at the Royal Courts of Justice. 然而, 在一名被告在休庭期间潜逃后,为了加强安全,审判不得不转移到老贝利进行. 被告被崔西法官判有罪,他退休后花了12天考虑他的判决. They were sentenced to lengthy sentences of imprisonment.
法官单独审判通常不受被告的青睐,他们更喜欢由同侪组成的陪审团来审判. Judges are thought to be case hardened 而且 more likely to convict a defendant than a jury. 法官单独审判的一个程序特点是,法官将听取有关可能影响控方是否能够依赖某些类型证据的事项的法律辩论. These legal issues would usually be considered in the absence of the jury, but a judge will hear about the evidence which they might then rule to be inadmissible, 然后再去考虑他们的裁决. 法官必须, 有些人为, put that inadmissible evidence out of their mind when considering their verdict. While this is also something that magistrates also have to contend with, 由陪审团审判的罪行的严重性质确实提出了在法官单独审判中适用证据规则的可行性的问题.
What are the potential implications for the alleged perpetrator of the tampering?
检察官有多种可能的选择来起诉与陪审团篡改指控有关的人. 恐吓陪审员属于恐吓证人和陪审员的具体罪行.51 of the Criminal Justice 而且 Public Order Act 1994, 虽然许多报道的案件涉及.51 seem to be cases of witness intimidation rather than juror intimidation. 旧的普通法中的贿赂罪用来涵盖通过提供诱惑或贿赂来影响陪审团的企图. 这项罪行已被废除.根据《冰球突破官网》第17条,贿赂陪审员更有可能被指控妨碍司法公正或根据《冰球突破官网》行贿. Tampering with a juror or jurors would also be a contempt of court.
陪审员有什么罪吗?
接受贿赂的陪审员也可能被判犯有刑事犯罪或藐视法庭罪. 值得庆幸的是, cases of jurors accepting bribes seem to be extremely rare, 但在2018年, 这是苏格兰首例此类案件, 凯瑟琳·莱希(Catherine Leahy)成为首位因接受贿赂而被起诉的陪审员, 利亚姆·墨菲, 被称为“极为罕见”的个案(皇冠的办公室 & 检察官财务处,陪审员入狱,19岁th 2018年4月). 莱希是一起毒品走私和洗钱案件的陪审员,她被指控收受了近3英镑,她同意在此案中不适当履行陪审员的职责,并分四期支付4万英镑. 警方对莱希的调查使用了秘密音频监控,录下了她与一名家庭成员在家中的对话. She was convicted under the Bribery Act 2010 而且 was imprisoned for 6 years. 在她被定罪之后, 特恩布尔勋爵, 格拉斯哥高等法院法官, told Leahy that “This is conduct which strikes at the heart of the justice system. 它的引力与其稀有性相匹配".
其他陪审员恐吓?
还有各种陪审员行为不当的案件,涉及陪审员对其他陪审员的欺凌和恐吓行为. In R v Abidi和其他人 [2016]中国环境科学杂志, 在陪审团退席考虑裁决后, 法官收到一张便条,其中一名陪审员表示,他感到受到其他陪审员的威胁,并担心自己的安全. 这类案件的困难在于,审议通常受到普通法保密规则的保护, but perhaps this is a topic for a future blog post.
最终, in order to protect the integrity of our jury system 而且 safeguard against its erosion, 在干预陪审团的案件中,当局肯定有可能追究法律后果.
尼古拉·莫纳亨 出版过《冰球突破》(牛津大学出版社)、《冰球突破官网》(剑桥大学出版社)等教材. Her research interests include jury misconduct 而且 the criminal trial, 而且 she has published a wide range of journal articles. She is a non-practising barrister 而且 a member of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple.
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